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Moderated conference on GMOs in the pipeline, hosted by the FAO Biotechnology Forum in 2012

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Biotech-Mod2 <[log in to unmask]>
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Tue, 20 Nov 2012 18:02:57 +0100
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[Thanks to Jose Falck-Zepeda for the very informative message below about GM crops in the pipeline in Africa. As you will have noticed, I normally send the e-mail messages out to the conference in the simplest format possible, plain text. In this particular case, to avoid all the information getting messed around, I will post it in HTML format...Moderator].

My name is Jose Falck-Zepeda. I am a Senior Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Leader of the policy team for IFPRI's Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS). I have worked most of my career in the socioeconomic assessment of GM crops and in the evaluation of plant breeding outcomes in developed and developing countries. This has included on-the-ground experience conducting surveys with producers and implementing socioeconomic impact assessment studies, as well as, literature reviews and extensive interactions with regulators, policy and decision makers. Furthermore, I have worked on examining science, technology and innovation policies and in addressing R&D, science and technology capacity in developing countries. Lately I have been working on examining issues related to compliance with national measures for biosafety and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety including the cost of compliance, implications of the time value of money of regulatory delays, and trade-offs involved with decision making.

With some colleagues here at IFPRI/PBS and through our extensive network of national and regional partners, we have compiled a list of those GM technologies undergoing confined field trials in Africa. Some, but not all, may come into commercialization approval within the 5 year time horizon described in the conference background document.  We have not included technologies currently in contained use evaluation such as the bio-fortified sorghum and weevil resistant sweet potato in Kenya,  a viral resistant tomato in Egypt, and several technologies being tried in South Africa which we could not identify proponent or stage. Note that many of these technologies are public-private and public-public partnerships. Even those listed with one proponent, usually means that is the main proponent, but is likely to be a consortium of research organizations.

Table of advanced GM technologies in Africa
Country

Crop

Trait under testing

Stage

Partners

Uganda

Maize

Drought tolerance

CFT, 2nd season

NARO, AATF

Uganda

Banana

Bacterial wilt resistance

CFT

NARO, AATF, IITA

Uganda

Banana

Nutrition enhancement (Fe and Pro-vitamin A)

CFT

NARO, QUT

Uganda

Cassava

Virus resistance

CFT, 2nd season

NARO, Danforth Plant Sci. Center, IITA,

Uganda

Cotton

Bollworm resistance and herbicide tolerance

CFT, 3rd season

NARO

South Africa

Maize

Drought Tolerant



African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF); Monsanto (USA)

South Africa

Cassava

Biofortified  and modified starch



HarvestPlus

South Africa

Sugarcane

virus resistance, increased yields, alternative products





South Africa

Maize

Maize IR resistant to MSV



U. of Cape Town, Pannar Seed Co.

South Africa

Potatoes

IR



Agricultural Research Council (South Africa), Michigan State University (US)

South Africa

Sorghum

Biofortified



ICRISAT, the U of Pretoria, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), the Agricultural Research Council for South Africa (ARC), the Burkina Faso Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute (INERA) and the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) in Nigeria

Burkina Faso

Cowpea

IR

CFT

AATF, NGICA, IITA, CSIR, Monsanto

Egypt

Maize, Zea mays

Insect resistance

CFT

Pioneer, AGERI

Egypt

Cotton, Gossypium barbadense

 Insect resistant

CFTs

ARC

Egypt

Wheat, Triticum durum L.

Drought tolerant

CFTs

AGERI

Egypt

Wheat, Triticum durum L.

Fungal resistance

CFTs

AGERI

Egypt

Wheat, Triticum durum L.

Salt tolerant

CFTs

AGERI

Egypt

Potato, Solanum tuberosum L.

 Viral resistance

CFTs

AGERI

Kenya

Maize, Zea mays l.

Insect resistance (Insect Resistant Maize for Africa against stem borers)

CFTs

KARI, CIMMYT, Monsanto, University of Ottawa, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Development

Kenya

Maize, Zea mays l.

Drought Tolerance (WEMA)

CFTs 2nd season

AATF, CIMMYT, KARI, Monsanto, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation' -Howard G. Buffett Foundation

Kenya

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.

Insect resistance (bollworms)

CFTs completed, Environmental release application to be submitted in 2012

KARI/Monsanto

Kenya

Cassava, Manihot esculenta

Disease resistance (cassava mosaic viral disease)

CFT 1st season

KARI, Danforth Plant Science Center

Kenya

BioCassva Plus

BioCassva Plus, Enhanced levels of iron and zinc, protein, Vitamin A and E

CFT 1st season

Donald Danforth Center, KARI, IITA, CIAT

Nigeria

Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Increased level of beta-carotene (Provitamin A)

CFT, 3rd season

DDPSC, NRCRI

Nigeria

Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

Nutrition enhancement for increase in iron level

CFT 2nd season

DDPSC, NRCRI

Nigeria

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Insect resistance

CFT, 3rd season

AATF, NGCIA, IITA, Purdue University; Monsanto, Rockefeller Foundation USAID, DFID, CSIR, INERA, The Kirkhouse Trust, IAR


Nigeria

Sorghum (sorghum bicolor)

Bioavailability of iron, zinc, protein, vitamin A

CFT

Africa Harvest, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.; CSIR, ICRISAT; AATF, FARA. University of Pretoria, Agricultural Research Council; UCB, IAR


In terms of the impact of these technologies in the pipeline, the focus of many of these crops will be on crops and traits with an increased emphasis on food security and nutritional considerations -some of these technologies are anticipated to also raise income as cash crops-  so the expectation is that the economic impact will be at least the same if not better than what we have observed with existing technologies. We have conducted an extensive literature review of existing publications with an identifiable degree of peer review (Smale et al. 2009). You can review the literature database here http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/search/collection/p15738coll6/searchterm/%20case%20studies/mode/exact). There are approximately 252 papers with an identifiable peer review approval process in this database.

Our conclusion in the Smale et al (2009) review is that that the evidence from ex ante and ex post studies show there are (potential and observed) tangible net economic benefits to the adoption of GM crop technologies in developed and developing countries. These results are quite variable in terms of crops, traits, location and producers. These same studies have shown other direct and indirect impacts derived from the adoption of this technology including reductions in some pesticides while others may increase, a shift to less toxic chemistries, support of integrated pest management, adoption of sustainable agricultural practices such as low-till and no-till agriculture and others. Our conclusions for the 2009 literature review were later supported by meta-analysis conducted by Areal et al. 2012 and Finger et al 2011 specifically for cotton, and by our multiple socioeconomic studies which we have conducted on site. More on the impact issue later.



José Falck-Zepeda
Senior Research Fellow/Leader Policy Team, Program for Biosafety Systems
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006-1002,
United States
Tel.: +1.202.862.8158 Fax: +1.202.4674439 Cell: +1.301.787.2586
Skype: josefalck
e-mail: J.FALCK-ZEPEDA (at) CGIAR.ORG
Brief bio: http://www.ifpri.org/staffprofile/jose-falck-zepeda
Publications http://josefalckzepeda.pbworks.com/w/page/9007235/FrontPage
Blog: http://socioeconomicbiosafety.wordpress.com/
Follow me on Twitter: @josefalck


References on socioeconomic impacts of GM crops:

Areal, F. J., L. Riesgo, and E. Rodriguez-Cerezo.. 2012. Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: a meta-analysis. Journal of Agricultural Science, doi:10.1017/S0021859612000111

Finger, R. , N. El Benni, T. Kaphengst, C. Evans, S. Herbert, B. Lehmann , S. Morse, and N. Stupak. 2011. A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops. Sustainability, 743-762. doi:10.3390/su3050743

Smale, Melinda; Zambrano, Patricia; Gruère, Guillaume P.; Falck-Zepeda, Jose´ Benjamin; Matuschke, Ira; Horna, Daniela; Nagarajan, Latha; Yerramareddy, Indira; Jones, Hannah. Measuring the economic impacts of transgenic crops in developing agriculture during the first decade : Approaches, findings, and future directions. 2009. Food Policy Review 10. Washington, D.C. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pv10.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/0896295117FPRev10

Special Issue AgbioForum "Farmers and Researchers Discovering Biotech Crops: Experiences Measuring Economic Impacts among New Adopters" Melinda Smale and José Falck-Zepeda, Guest Editors, Vol 15, Num 2, 2012. www.agbioforum.org<http://www.agbioforum.org>



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