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Moderated conference on GMOs in the pipeline, hosted by the FAO Biotechnology Forum in 2012

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This is Carlos Scotto again. I would like to address some of the statements made in Messages 41, 43, 69, 74, 80 and 85 regarding the genetically modified salmon. 

The biotechnology has therefore developed GM fish for nearly 30 years, but so far we have not seen any GM fish commercialized in market. Why not yet? And if not sold in the countries that were developed. Why would that be in developing countries in the future? It has been mentioned that the GM salmon is: 
A. Are all sterile (triploid) and female, the gonadal atrophication triploidy causes in females with consequent sterility. And that occur in the animal who is not employed in accumulating material reserves for reproduction but is channeled to growth. In the case of males, low fertility occurs but no complete sterility and individuals males can reproduce (Basant K. Tiwary, R. Kirubagaran & Arun K. Ray. 2004. The biology of triploid. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14: 391–402). Question: How do you ensure that no low fertility male fish mixed with sterile females in these large batches of transgenic fish?

B. GM salmon will only be reared in land based, contained culture systems with multiple, redundant containment barriers preventing their escape into the wild. Question: If the sterile transgenic fish is why many take containment measures for their safety? Would it work these measures and biosecurity protocols in developing countries where environmental accidents are very common and some punished? And there is a natural thermal barrier (lethal ambient water temperatures - case Panama) preventing the salmon from reaching the ocean. Question: In the case of Peru, this natural thermal barrier would not exist, since it would foster conditions in cold rivers (Peruvian Andes). And if it escapes to the sea, the temperature conditions are too cold, so this environmental containment barrier does not exist as the proposal for Panama.

Most appropriate for developing countries could be:
1. Developing transgenic to solve specific problems of the reality of these countries. For example: To produce a salinity tolerant Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus through genetically modified breeding by introducing a fragmented purified DNA isolated from sea bream, Sparus aurata or Artemia, Artemia salina (Samy Yehya El-Zaeem et al., 2011. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10 (4), pp. 684-695). 
2. Have social acceptability or license before being introduced or developed locally. What do you want? What is needed?
3. Ensure sterility (triploid) one hundred percent of genetically modified animals to prevent uncontrolled reproduction or unwanted cross with native species. If GM fish escaped from fish farms, they could further upset the oceans’ delicate ecology, causing ecological disruption or species extinction (Devlin R. et al. 2001. Growth of domesticated transgenic fish. Nature 409: 781–782).
4. Assess individually. You can not extrapolate the results of the risk analyzes existing between different transgenes.For example, growth hormone involving faster growth and intended for human consumption versus fluorescent protein that is commonly used for ornamental aquariums and not for human consumption. "Both are genetic engineering in fish but their perception is different to the public." A shining fish in an aquarium encourages curiosity, but with a bigger fish and intended for human consumption raises fears that must be managed socially relevant information and build trust. "
5. Finally, for developing countries. The question is not whether such risks are acceptable, but if needed in some way to our realities in the future. Continually remind us of the need to feed the world or fill a need beyond our reality with transgenesis, stating that we must necessarily risk. Should we evaluate previously unhurried and cautious way...!

Blgo. Mg. Carlos Scotto Espinoza. 
Jefe del Laboratorio de Mejora Genética y Reproducción Animal
De la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas de la UNFV.
Jirón Río Chepén s/n. El Agustino. 
Lima.
Peru
Celular: 511-972520959
RPM: *885750
RPC: 511-992044182
e-mail: carlosscottoespinoza (at) yahoo.com
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