Dear Paul, My name is Pam Luka from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Nigeria. I agreed with other colleagues on the need for post vaccination seromonitoring as an indicator of whether we are getting it right or not. The cost of that maybe much but the benefits are also going to be a kind of "post vaccination positive/negative control". After the reported PPR outbreak and in the Karamoja region, Uganda in 2006 even thought Wanwayi et al.,1995 reported the the presence of antibodies from repository samples collected in the 1980s. Where did the virus go then? Perhaps it vanished into thin air or eventually found a niche for itself and compounded with poor disease surveillance and disease reporting it remained unreported. Vaccination was carried out after the outbreak and we went back and carried out post-vaccination seromonitoring in 2008-2009 and discovered seropositivity of 55.3 % for both sheep and goats. This was not so good for achieving "herd immunity" but it informed us of the need to conduct a second round of vaccination. During the same survey, we also randomly collected oculo-nasal swabs and buffy coat from apparently healthy animals and all the buffy coats turned out positive by reverse transcriptase PCR. I assume you mean positive for PPR virus. Are there some participants who could comment on this result please - Moderator . So if we are to go after the virus, we should consider collecting what kind of samples to collected in other not to miss it. Best regards Luka D. Pam Applied Mol. Biol. Div. NVRI, Vom. Plateau State, Nigeria ######################################################################## To unsubscribe from the FAO-AnimalHealth-L list, click the following link: https://listserv.fao.org/cgi-bin/wa?SUBED1=FAO-AnimalHealth-L&A=1